Spread of alimentary-toxic paroxysmal myoglobinuria-haff disease (literature review)

In 1924, Haff disease was first detected in East Prussia. Till now, cases of Haff disease have been recorded in Sweden, Russia, the United States, China, Brazil, Japan, and China among people and animals. During the last 40 years, there has been a significant expansion in the geographical range of Haff disease. From 1924 to 2019, 31 outbreaks were recorded in various parts of the world. The total number of victims was about 3,000 people. In Russia, the last cases of human disease were registered in 2019-2020. In fact, the source of the toxin is fish (crucian carp, carp, pike, burbot, walleye, perch, ruff, ide, yellowtail, black sea bass, eel, silver dollar, brown paku, red paku, cowfish, etc.) or crayfish. Today, the problem of the disease etiology has not been solved; the toxin with the corresponding features has not been isolated, and as a result, causal and pathogenetic treatment of alimentary-toxic paroxysmal myoglobinuria has not been developed. Over this period, several hypotheses were made that are leading in the study of the etiology of the occurrence of Haff disease (thiaminase theory, tannic, arachidonic). This disease-causing substance is known to be heat-resistant and break down the metabolism of skeletal muscles, resulting in the release of myoglobin, which disorders kidney function. It has also been found that toxic substances themselves gradually resolve from the fish, according to its diet (depending on what prevails - plankton, zooplankton or larvae, mollusks, crustaceans). For finding out the origin of the disease, it is essential to conduct comprehensive research by biologists, hydrologists, doctors, and veterinarians.