Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in Tibet: a cross-sectional analysis

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of DR in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Tibet and to identify risk factors that may influence the occurrence of DR. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a third-class hospital in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The prevalence of DR in hospitalized patients with T2DM was measured. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis were used to investigate the risk factors for DR. The prevalence of DR was 29.3%. The duration of diabetes; concentrations of 25-OH-VitD3, hemoglobin, fasting insulin, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and creatinine; and HOMA-IR were significantly different between DR patients and non-DR patients (all P