Emphysematous cystitis: A rare and life-threatening condition in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Emphysematous cystitis is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by gas formation within the bladder due to bacterial infection. This article presents a case study of emphysematous cystitis in a 74-year-old male patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and recurrent urinary tract infections. The patient had lower abdominal pain, signs of infection, and urinary symptoms. Imaging revealed bladder wall thickening and gas bubbles. Prompt diagnosis and broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy were initiated, with intensive care monitoring. After a 14-day treatment, significant improvement occurred, leading to the patient's discharge after 20 days. This case emphasizes early recognition and aggressive management for optimal outcomes. •Emphysematous cystitis is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the formation of gas within the bladder due to bacterial infection. It primarily affects individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and urinary tract abnormalities.•Diagnostic challenges arise in emphysematous cystitis, with computed tomography (CT) playing a crucial role in identifying bladder wall thickening and gas bubbles. Other imaging modalities have limited sensitivity and specificity.•Prompt and aggressive management is essential in emphysematous cystitis. Early recognition, appropriate diagnostic investigations, and comprehensive interventions, including bladder decompression and broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy, significantly improve patient outcomes.•Prognostic factors include mortality rates ranging from 7 to 20%. Advanced age, severe sepsis, and delayed diagnosis contribute to poorer prognosis. Further research is needed to refine diagnostics and treatment strategies, aiming to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this challenging condition.