The influence of perioperative factors on functional and aesthetic outcome of the forearm following free flap harvest

Introduction: The radial forearm free flap (FAFF) is ideal for head and neck reconstructive surgery due to its pliable tissue and long pedicle. In this study we analysed the role of perioperative factors on prolonged forearm healing and patient-reported aesthetic and functional outcomes. Materials and methods: The study was conducted at the Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, from 2018 to 2021. During this time, 31 FAFF were harvested, and 18 patients were available for analysis of aesthetic and functional outcome. Using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), each patient evaluated the aesthetic and functional state of their forearm. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was used by patients and surgeons to evaluate scar quality from the harvested forearm flap, as well as from the harvested partial thickness skin graft used for reconstruction of the donor area. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire was used to evaluate functional disability of the forearm. Numerical variables obtained from the questionnaires were translated into categories and compared to patient demographic and anamnestic data. Results: Smoking and increased body weight were negatively associated with radial forearm donor site reconstruction. Although 33.3% of the skin grafts healed properly, 72.2% of the patients experienced their donor site scar as good or even excellent. The scar on the proximal volar forearm area, were the partial thickness skin graft had been harvested, was evaluated as very bad in only 5.6% of the patients. None of the patients experienced their forearm as aesthetically bad 15 months after surgery. Conclusion: Skin graft failure in the donor area is associated with smoking intensity, and a higher body mass index. The preserved functionality of the hand directly depends on the preserved forearm sensation, and indirectly on the aesthetic outcome. Postponed healing and negative forearm aesthetics negatively affect everyday use of the operated extremity. This correlation diminishes six weeks after surgery, when the majority of forearms obtain their final appearance.