Photoacoustic features of nylon-11 nanoparticles for breast cancer imaging, and their modification with trastuzumab, sorafenib, and nutlin-3a for theranostic applications

Breast cancer is a complex and diverse disease that requires accurate diagnostic methods and customized treatment approaches to enhance patient outcomes. In this study, we investigate the potential of nylon-11 nanoparticles (nylon NPs) for both imaging and therapy of breast cancer. Nylon NPs possess excellent photoacoustic properties, which enable them to detect and locate drug delivery to the tumor with high sensitivity. This suggests that nylon NPs may be a valuable tool for improving breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Comprehensive characterization has been performed, including morphological analysis and spectroscopic studies. Further modification with diagnostic and therapeutic agents, such as trastuzumab, sorafenib, and nutlin-3a, enhances their specificity and efficacy in targeting breast cancer cells. The drug-loaded nanoparticles exhibit controlled release profiles under various pH conditions, mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Cytocompatibility studies reveal the biocompatibility of bare nylon NPs, while drug-loaded nanoparticles show concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents. Moreover, cellular internalization studies confirm the efficient uptake by breast cancer cells. Overall, this research lays the groundwork for the development of novel nanomedicine approaches aimed at addressing the challenges associated with breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, offering promising avenues for precise cancer management.