Digital Twin and Blockchain Extension in Smart Buildings Platform as Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems is integrated computation with the physical world. CPS increasing in a wide range of applications, from smart homes to smart buildings. Digital twins are promising way to solve challenges with combination of CPS, 3D technology, and IoT. The system provides users with immersive interfaces to control and interact with devices within the smart building environment. Blockchain was chosen to secure user data using cryptographic algorithms and ensure data protection against manipulation, spying, and theft. Average load testing data for digital twin platform implemented in smart buildings range from 1 to 11 floors. The results reveal a gradual increase in average test times as the buildings' size and complexity grow, with the following values: 5.663s for 1 floor until 11 floors 7.294s. The data obtained from of the blockchain test using Hyperledger Besu provide essential insights into the system's performance with several bandwidth that used in the system. Average time for each test trial ranged from 1.066 seconds to 2.006 seconds, showing slight variations based on the bandwidth used. However, transactions per second (TPS) values were relatively fast, ranging from 1.066 tps to 0.499 tps with positive aspect of the retention rate for all trials was 100% success.