Agriculture and land management in Western Lessini during the Copper Age: work in progress at the site of Colombare of Villa (Negrar di Valpolicella, VR)

Almost 70 years after the first excavations, the site of Colombare di Villa di Negrar di Valpolicella is now the focus of a project of archaeological and paleoenvironmental investigations led by the University of Milan and the Cultural Heritage Office for the provinces of Verona, Rovigo and Vicenza. In the light of the archaeological evidence, the site was occupied from the Recent Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age, apparently without interruption. Probably it was founded in the context of systematic activities of extraction, processing and export of the high quality flint of the western Lessini Mountains, but its long duration also implies a deep-rooted presence in the territory due to the agricultural exploitation of the land. The project is based on a rigorously interdisciplinary methodology of investigation, oriented towards the study of the relations between the community settled at Colombare and the surrounding territory, and it avails itself of the collaboration of several research institutes. The results of pollen and archaeobotanical studies show a relatively developed agricultural economy, with cereal growing and wild fruit picking activities. Among these, the vine and the hazelnut are particularly important as species that must have been present in the site, probably cared for and systematically used for human consumption. Radiocarbon dates document a reduction of tree species in favor of herbaceous species starting from the last centuries of the fifth millennium BC, which can be interpreted as the effect of an extensive deforestation. Archaeozoological data, although they’re substantially unreliable in terms of function and chronological detail, indicate a prevalence of domestic animals, including typically Neolithic large cattle, and hunting activities, especially of the large ungulates of forest habitat. The very detailed data of the paleo-environmental researches at Colombare di Negrar allow to advance some considerations on the construction of the agrarian landscape in the alpine and prealpine area during the recent prehistory and protohistory, and on its peculiarities compared to the better known Po Valley area.