Problem of the Effectiveness of Parental Assistance to Children in Situations of Educational Difficulties From the Perspectives of the Reflection-Activity Approach and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

The article considers the subject of effectiveness of parental assistance to children in challenging situations from the practical and theoretical perspectives. The conditions and criteria of psychological assistance effectiveness represent a link between these perspectives. Proceeding from the fact that development is the child’s main life context, the subject of assistance effectiveness is viewed through the lens of its relation to development. The authors word and provide the rationale for an assumption that effective assistance implies facilitation of development. Due to a conceptual closeness of cultural-historical psychology (as a developmental theory) and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) as a practice of promoting cognitive development, the criteria for the effectiveness of assistance contributing to the child’s development are singled out and compared. A taxonomy of modes in which parents provide assistance to their children in challenging situations in terms of their effectiveness is viewed from the perspective of the reflection-activity approach (RAA) and CBT. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the parental assistance modes in the context of helping their children overcome learning difficulties in a sample of 100 parents of primary school students. The study relied on unique methodology. The results showed that, according to the effectiveness criteria developed, the overwhelming majority of the parents (94.5%) presented with assistance modes that did not contribute to the children’s development, i.e. these modes were ineffective. The issue of specific culture of rendering assistance with learning difficulties is discussed and it is inferred that there is a need to engage parents in practical psychological work to restructure their assistance modes by means of RAA and CBT. В статье в практическом и теоретическом аспектах рассматривается про¬блема эффективности родительской помощи детям в ситуациях затрудне¬ния. Соединительным звеном между двумя аспектами являются условия и критерии эффективности психологической помощи. Исходя из того, что развитие является основным жизненным контекстом ребенка, проблема эффективности помощи ставится через ее отношение к развитию. Формулируется и обосновывается тезис о том, что эффективна та помощь в ситуациях затруднения, которая способствует развитию. В связи с концептуальной близостью культурно-исторической психологии (как теории развития) и когнитивно-бихевиоральной психотерапии (