Advances in predictive biomarkers for melanoma immunotherapy

Purpose This review primarily discusses the current research advance of predictive biomarkers for melanoma immunotherapy. The aim of the present review is to summarize the biomarkers and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Methods All reference can be found through Pubmed. This review mainly focuses on three main directions: tumor-related factors, host factors, and the tumor microenvironment. In the end, there exhibits some unusual aspects of predictive biomarkers and forecasts the future model. Results The mainsteam of predictive biomarkers focuses on PD-L1, TMB, gene mutations, immune cells, IDO1, LDH, tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), HLA-DR, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and Extracellular vesicles (EVs). Conclusion The current research advance of predictive biomarkers for melanoma immunotherapy can be mainly divided into three parts: tumor-related factors, host factors, and the tumor microenvironment. The predictive biomarkers include PD-L1, TMB, gene mutations, immune cells, IDO1, LDH, TLS, HLA-DR, TAMs, TILs, and EVs. A model based on multiple biomarkers is expected to become the answer to predicting prognosis.