Microbial synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their importance in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial activities: a review

Nanotechnology (NT) and nanoparticles (NPs) have left a huge impact on every field of science today, but they have shown tremendous importance in the fields of cosmetics and environmental cleanup. NPs with photocatalytic effects have shown positive responses in wastewater treatment, cosmetics, and the biomedical field. The chemically synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) utilize hazardous chemicals to obtain the desired-shaped TiO 2 . So, microbial-based synthesis of TiO 2 NPs has gained popularity due to its eco-friendly nature, biocompatibility, etc. Being NPs, TiO 2 NPs have a high surface area-to-volume ratio in addition to their photocatalytic degradation nature. In the present review, the authors have emphasized the microbial (algae, bacterial, fungi, and virus-mediated) synthesis of TiO 2 NPs. Furthermore, authors have exhibited the importance of TiO 2 NPs in the food sector, automobile, aerospace, medical, and environmental cleanup.