Impact of primary glaucoma on health-related quality of life in China: the handan eye study

Background We assessed health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and its determinants among rural glaucoma participants compared to age-matched normal controls in the population-based Handan Eye Study (HES), in rural Yongnian County, northern China. Methods We enrolled 99 adults with glaucoma (mean age 63.0 [+ or -] 11.0 years), including primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG, n = 67) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG, n = 32) and 102 controls (mean age 58.5 [+ or -] 5.3 years) with normal visual acuity and visual field and no history of glaucoma. Results of ophthalmic examinations and socioeconomic data were recorded. HRQOL was measured using the EQ-5D (converted to utility valves, UVs), and visual function (VF) and vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) were evaluated using the visual function-quality of life (VF-QOL) instrument. Primary and secondary outcome measures EQ-5D and VF-QOL scores. Results The mean UVs, VF, and VRQOL scores for glaucoma cases were 0.98 [+ or -] 0.04, 87.9 [+ or -] 15.2, and 95.5 [+ or -] 12.8, respectively, significantly worse than VF (94.4 [+ or -] 4.4) and VRQOL (100.0 [+ or -] 0.0) among controls, even after adjusting for age, gender, educational level, and family income (P = 0.015, P = 0.033). UVs were significantly lower among glaucoma participants with impaired VRQOL (55.4 [+ or -] 11.5) compared to those with normal VRQOL scores (99.1 [+ or -] 2.8) (UVs: 0.92 [+ or -] 0.08 vs. 0.99 [+ or -] 0.03, P = 0.036), also after adjustment for age and family income (P = 0.006). Participants with PACG had significantly lower VF and VRQOL scores compared to POAG (77.8 [+ or -] 21.4 vs. 92.9 [+ or -] 6.8, P < 0.001; 89.0 [+ or -] 18.1 vs. 98.7 [+ or -] 7.5, P < 0.001). Conclusion Participants with glaucoma have worse visual function and related quality of life compared to age-matched normal population controls. Participants with PACG have lower VF and VRQOL compared to those with POAG. UVs can be used for cost-effectiveness research and to support public health strategies for glaucoma in rural China. Keywords: Glaucoma, EQ-5D, Health-Related Quality of Life, Visual function quality of life