Emergence of fosA3 and blaCTX–M–14 in Multidrug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii Isolates From Flowers and the Retail Environment in China

We examined the prevalence and transmission of the fosA3 gene among Citrobacter freundii isolates from flowers and the retail environments. We identified 11 fosfomycin-resistant C. freundii strains (>256 μg/mL) from 270 samples that included petals ( n = 7), leaves ( n = 2), dust ( n = 1) and water ( n = 1). These 11 isolates were multidrug-resistant and most were simultaneously resistant to fosfomycin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Consistently, all 11 isolates also possessed bla CTX–M– 14 , bla CMY– 65 / 122 , aac(6’)-Ib-cr , qnrS1 , qnrB13/6/38 and rmtB . These fosA3 -positive isolates were assigned to two distinct PFGE patterns and one ( n = 9) predominated indicating clonal expansion of fosA3 -positive isolates across flower markets and shops. Correspondingly, fosA3 was co-transferred with bla CTX–M– 14 via two plasmid types by conjugation possessing sizes of 110 kb ( n = 9) and 260 kb ( n = 2). Two representatives were fully sequenced and p12-1 and pS39-1 possessed one and two unclassified replicons, respectively. These plasmids shared a distinctive and conserved backbone in common with fosA3 -carrying C. freundii and other Enterobacteriaceae from human and food animals. However, the fosA3 - bla CTX–M– 14 -containing multidrug resistance regions on these untypable plasmids were highly heterogeneous. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fosA3 and bla CTX–M– 14 that were present in bacterial contaminants from flower shops and markets. These findings underscore a public health threat posed by untypable and transferable p12-1-like and pS39-1-like plasmids bearing fosA3 - bla CTX–M– 14 that could circulate among Enterobacteriaceae species and in particular C. freundi in environmental isolates.