Comparison and analysis of the biomechanics of the lower limbs of female tennis players of different levels in foot-up serve

The purpose of this study was to examine biomechanical performance of the foot-up serve (FUS) in female tennis players at different skill levels. FUS analysis was completed in the biomechanical laboratory by 32 female college tennis players at three different levels. During FUS, 3D-biomechanical data from tennis players' lower limbs were collected. One-way ANOVA was used to examine differences in kinematic and kinetic data between groups Range of motion (ROM) of bilateral lower-limb joints revealed significant differences in kinematics performance during both the preparation and landing cushion phases ( < 0.05). During preparation, Level 3 was significantly longer than Level 2 (P-a = 0.042, P-b = 0.001, and P-c = 0.006). During the flight phase, significant differences between levels 1 and 3 (P-a:0.002) and levels 1 and 2 (P-c:0.000) were discovered (P-a:0.002 and P-c:0.000). There were significant height differences between levels 1 and 2 as well as between levels 1 and 3. (P-a = 0.001, P-c = 0.000). During serve preparation (P-c = 0.001) and landing, GRF's peak was significantly higher than level 3. (P-c:0.007). Significant differences were found between groups in the LLS preparation stage, with level 3 significantly higher than levels 1 and 2. (P-a = 0.000, P-b = 0.001, and P-c = 0.000); during landing, level 2 LLS was significantly higher than levels 1 and 3. (P-a = 0.000, P-b = 0.000, and P-c = 0.035). The range of motion of joints and the stiffness of the lower limbs have a significant impact on a tennis player's FUS performance. A larger of joint mobility and lower-limb stiffness promote better performance during the FUS preparation stage.