Therapeutic application and toxicity associated with Crocus sativus (saffron) and its phytochemicals

Saffron, a Crocus sativus L. derivative, has been recognized for its medical benefits since ancient times. Besides being an active flavoring and coloring agent in several food items, saffron has primarily been known for its pharmacological properties. Its major metabolites like crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal have been studied in vivo and in vitro as active pharmaceutical agents for inflammation, depression, microbial infections, and cancer-like diseases. These phytochemicals are well known for targeting the etiology of various diseases, making them an essential plant derivative in modern times. Moreover, research has shown saffron with several toxicological consequences as well. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have been conducted to determine the toxicity and safety of saffron. Saffron extract, safranal, and crocin have little or no acute toxicity. Organ toxicity has been detected at high dosages during sub-acute exposure. The teratogenic effects of saffron and its components have been particularly noted at high concentrations. This review provides a comprehensive outlook on the pharmacological attributes of saffron and its derivatives, besides highlighting their associated toxicity.