Highly Processed Food Consumption and Its Association with Anthropometric, Sociodemographic, and Behavioral Characteristics in a Nationwide Sample of 2742 Japanese Adults: An Analysis Based on 8-Day Weighed Dietary Records

This cross-sectional study assessed highly processed food (HPF) consumption and its association with individual characteristics in a nationwide sample of Japanese adults. Eight-day weighed dietary records were obtained from 2742 free-living adults aged 18-79 years across Japan. HPFs were identified based on a classification method developed by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The basic characteristics of the participants were assessed using a questionnaire. On average, HPF contributed to 27.9% of daily energy intake. The contribution of HPF to the daily intake of 31 nutrients ranged from 5.7% for vitamin C to 99.8% for alcohol (median, 19.9%). Cereals and starchy foods were the main food groups that contributed to the total energy intake of HPF. Multiple regression analysis showed that the older group (60-79 years) had a lower HPF energy contribution than the younger group (18-39 y) (regression coefficient (β) = -3.55, < 0.0001). Compared to current smokers, past and never-smokers had lower HPF energy contributions (β = -1.41, < 0.02; and -4.20, < 0.0001, respectively). In conclusion, HPFs account for approximately one-third of energy intake in Japan. Younger age and current smoking status should be considered in future intervention strategies to reduce HPF consumption.