The Effects of Smoking during Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes in Southern Jordan

Background: Fetal exposure to maternal smoking has been implicated as a contributing factor to birth complications and subsequent developmental impairments in children. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between maternal smoking and pregnancy outcomes in a sample of women giving birth at hospitals in southern Jordan. Methods: This observational study extracted data from the medical records of enrolled pregnant women, including demographic information, vital signs, and newborn measurements. Specific data included birth type (miscarriage or no miscarriage), birthweight, head circumference, Apgar score, and labor (term or pre-term). A two-tailed p-value of