River water treatment by continuous electrocoagulation: insights into removal of acetaminophen, and natural organic matter

River water was treated by continuous electrocoagulation (EC) for acetaminophen (AP), natural organic matter (NOM measured as UV254), and removal of elements. HRT at 40 min with 0.5 mg/L AP exhibited the best removal efficiency for NOM (55.9%) and AP (53.4%) removal. Except for aluminium, other elements in river water were removed completely. The EC sludge (floating and settled) XRD spectrum showed peaks from AP were reduced, and the few peaks left were from aluminium hydroxide formed by EC. Several bonds in functional groups of AP and NOM were significantly deformed. FESEM images revealed that the sludge was highly porous material as needed for adsorption. EDAX showed that floating sludge had slightly higher carbon compared with settled sludge whereas nitrogen was higher in settled sludge. Other element concentrations in both sludges were similar, proving that water treatment was due to electro-floatation, adsorption, and sweep flocs. Single-factor ANOVA showed significant variance at HRT for NOM (F4.066 = 92.67, p =