Histological evaluation of the debris removal efficiency of activation of sodium hypochlorite solution at different concentrations

This study aims to histologically evaluate the efficiency of debris removal through activation of 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCI using laser, ultrasonic, and intracanal heating methods. Sixty-four maxillary central incisor teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to the irrigation solution (n = 32); 2.5% NaOCI and 5.25% NaOCI. Subsequently, the samples were further divided into four subgroups according to the final irrigation activation technique (n = 8); SubgroupA: Er,Cs:YSGG laser, SubgroupB: Ultrasonic, Subgroup C: Intracanal heating, Subgroup D: no activation. Generalized Linear Models and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis (p