Endothelial ETS1 inhibition exacerbate blood–brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis through inducing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has been recognized as an early pathological feature and contributing factor in multiple sclerosis. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a process associated with endothelial dysfunction leading to the disruption of vessel stability and barrier function, yet its functional consequence in multiple sclerosis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition accompanied the blood–brain barrier dysfunction in several neurological disorders, especially in multiple sclerosis. The activity of transcription factor ETS1, which is highly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) and responded to an inflammatory condition, is suppressed in the central nervous system (CNS) ECs in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We identify ETS1 as a central regulator of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) associated with the compromise of barrier integrity. These phenotypical and functional alterations can further induce high permeability, immune infiltration, and organ fibrosis in multiple sclerosis, thus promoting disease progression. Together, these results demonstrate a functional role of EndMT in blood–brain barrier dysfunction and propose ETS1 as a potential transcriptional switch of EndMT to target the development of multiple sclerosis.