Study of Three dimensional Darcy–Forchheimer squeezing nanofluid flow with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux based on four different types of nanoparticles through entropy generation analysis

In this research article, the unsteady nanofluid flow between two horizontal plates is discussed. The main focus of this study is on the explanation of the relative study of water-based nanofluids with four different types of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles selected for this specific research article are copper oxide ( CuO ) , aluminum oxide ( A l 2 O 3 ) , copper ( Cu ) , and silver ( Ag ) . The upper plate is moving downward with time-dependent velocity while the lower plate is stretching horizontally. Also the lower plate is made up of porous medium. The stream in permeable region is characterized by Darcy–Forchheimer relation. Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model is used for heat transfer phenomena. Viscous dissipation effect is taken in account. Skin friction and Nusselt number are numerically calculated. Total entropy generation is also discussed for squeezing system. Transformation technique is applied to transform the model from partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. Homotopy techniques are applied to solve the problem. The influence of important parameters on velocity, temperature, and entropy profiles have been shown graphically and discussed in detail.