Differential impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on PM2.5 across the United States

The COVID-19 pandemic has induced large-scale behavioral changes, presenting a unique opportunity to study how air pollution is affected by societal shifts. At 455 PM2.5 monitoring sites across the United States, we conduct a causal inference analysis to determine the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on PM2.5. Our approach allows for rigorous confounding adjustment with highly spatio-temporally resolved effect estimates. We find that, with the exception of the Southwest, most of the US experienced increases in PM2.5 compared to concentrations expected under business-as-usual. To investigate possible drivers of this phenomenon, we use a regression model to characterize the relationship of various factors with the observed impacts. Our findings have immense environmental policy relevance, suggesting that mobility reductions alone may be insufficient to substantially and uniformly reduce PM2.5.