Characteristics of mesoscale convective systems and related precipitation in the three‐river‐source region of China

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are important air water sources to the Three‐river‐source (TRS) region known as the “Chinese water tower.” Using hourly equivalent blackbody temperature (TBB) data from geostationary satellites of Chinese Fengyun‐2 series during the warm season (May–August) in 2005–2020 and an objective algorithm, MCSs in the TRS are divided into meso‐α (MαCS), meso‐β (MβCS), and meso‐γ (MγCS), and MαCS and MβCS are subdivided into larger meso‐α (LMαCS), smaller meso‐α (SMαCS), larger meso‐β (LMβCS), and smaller meso‐β (SMβCS). Results show that a high‐frequency zone of MCSs in the TRS distributes along the source of the rivers. Most MCSs, except LMαCS, develop and dissipate in situ. The interannual variation in MCS frequency exhibits a decreasing trend, especially after 2013, mainly due to the decrease in MCSs in the source region of the Yellow–Lancang River. The occurrence of MCSs peaks in August, but MCSs are most likely to produce precipitation in July and usually generate between 1600–2200 h LST (UTC + 8). The precipitation caused by MCSs to the total precipitation (precipitation ratio, PR) accounts for about 40%; MCS PR is closely related to, and increases with, the horizontal scale of the MCS, with MαCS PR being the highest, exceeding 67%. The contribution of MCSs to precipitation is mainly reflected in weak precipitation, smaller than 10.0 mm/h. Most of the maximum precipitation of MCSs appears after MCSs reach their prime, with the maximum lag by MαCS up to 2 h. Geographical location (red contours) and terrain height (shading, units: m) of the three‐river‐source region.