SMR/Theta Neurofeedback Training Improves Cognitive Performance and EEG Activity in Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study

Background. Neurofeedback (NF) training, as a method of self-regulation of brain activity, may be beneficial in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. In this pilot study, we investigated whether a sensorimotor (SMR)/ theta NF training could improve cognitive performance and brain electrical activity in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods. Twenty elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were assigned to 20 consecutive sessions of sensorimotor (SMR)/ theta NF training, during 10 weeks, on a basis of 2 sessions each week. Neuropsychological assessments and questionnaires as well as electroencephalogram (EEG) were performed and compared between baseline (T0), after the last NF training session at 10 weeks (T1), and one-month follow-up (T2). Results. Repeated measures ANOVA reveal that from baseline to post-intervention, participants showed significant improvement in the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCa, F= 4.78; p=0.012), the delayed recall of the Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT, F= 3.675; p=0.032), the Forward digit span (F= 13.82; p