Clinical, molecular, and pharmacological aspects of FMR1-related disorders

Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, is associated with a broad spectrum of disorders across different generations of a single family. This study reviews the clinical manifestations of fragile X-associated disorders as well as the spectrum of mutations of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) and the neurobiology of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), and also provides an overview of the potential therapeutic targets and genetic counselling. This disorder is caused by expansion of the CGG repeat (>200 repeats) in the 5 prime untranslated region of FMR1, resulting in a deficit or absence of FMRP. FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of several genes that are important in synaptic plasticity and dendritic maturation. It is believed that CGG repeat expansions in the premutation range (55–200 repeats) elicit an increase in mRNA levels of FMR1, which may cause neuronal toxicity. These changes manifest clinically as developmental problems such as autism and learning disabilities as well as neurodegenerative diseases including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Advances in identifying the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome may help us understand the causes of neuropsychiatric disorders, and they will probably contribute to development of new and specific treatments. El síndrome X frágil (SXF) es la causa más frecuente de discapacidad intelectual hereditaria y se asocia a un amplio espectro de enfermedades en las distintas generaciones de una misma familia. En este trabajo se revisan las manifestaciones clínicas de los trastornos asociados al X frágil y el espectro de mutaciones en el gen 1 del retraso mental del X frágil (FMR1), la neurobiología de la proteína del retardo mental X frágil (FMRP) y una visión general de los potenciales blancos terapéuticos y el asesoramiento genético. Esta enfermedad es causada por una amplificación de las repeticiones CGG (>200 repeticiones) en la región 5’ no traducida del gen FMR1, que lleva al déficit o ausencia de la proteína FMRP. La FMRP es una proteína de unión al ARN que regula la traducción de varios genes que son importantes en la plasticidad sináptica y la maduración dendrítica. Se cree que expansiones de las repeticiones CGG en el rango de premutación (55-200 repeticiones) generan un aumento en los niveles de mRNA de FMR1, lo que produciría toxicidad neuronal. Esto se manifiesta en problemas del desarrollo tal