Genetic identification of members of the prominent Báthory aristocratic family

The Báthory family was one of the most powerful noble families in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Their influence peaked during the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, when the only partially autonomous region of the country was Transylvania, under Turkish protectorate. Several members of the family became Princes of Transylvania, and one of them, István Báthory, was also the elected King of Poland. We hereby present the first genetic data about this extinct family. Archaeological excavations in Pericei, a settlement now part of Romania, revealed the former family chapel of the Báthory family. Through this work, two Báthory family members were successfully identified among the 13 skeletons found at the site. The presence of Y chromosome haplogroup R-S498 fits the historical account describing the family’s German (Swabian) origins. Their genomic composition also indicates a family of Germanic origin that intermixed with medieval Hungarians. [Display omitted] •4th degree genetic relation of two Báthory members matched historical sources•Y chromosome haplogroup data align with the documented Swabian origin of the family•Genome data indicate a Germanic origin admixed with the local Hungarian population Genomics; Human Genetics; Paleogenetics; Phylogenetics