Testing the impact of laboratory reared indigenous leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Braconidae) on sentinel hosts in controlled orchard releases

Leafrollers can experience high levels of indigenous parasitism in organically managed apple orchards and the augmentative release of specific parasitoid species to suppress these secondary pests may be advantageous in orchards converting to non-chemical pest management. Caged and uncaged releases of two ichneumonid (Apophua simplicipes and Glypta variegata) and two braconid (Macrocentrus linearis and Apanteles polychrosidis) koinobiont endoparasitoids of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, on host-infested potted apple trees were conducted to assess the parasitoids' abilities to find and successfully parasitize sentinel hosts under orchard conditions. Seasonal timing of the trials varied for each parasitoid species, based on their relative performance under simulated summer/fall conditions in laboratory trials. After the release of five or fifty parasitoid females, the mean percent parasitism of leafroller larvae collected from infested trees ranged from 0 to 75% depending on the parasitoid species involved. Although caged releases tended to increase the percentage of live parasitized hosts in release treatments, uncaged releases provided a more realistic assessment of the parasitoid's ability to seek and find hosts within an infested area over a longer period. Release of A. simplicipes had the most significant impact on the host population density.