Antimicrobial resistance trends in clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ethiopia

Clinicians rely on local antimicrobial resistance pattern data to guide empiric treatment for seriously ill patients when culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results are not immediately available. This study aimed to analyse 5-year trends in antimicrobial resistance profiles of and isolates. Bacteriology reports from 2017 to 2021 at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute were analysed retrospectively. Isolates were identified using either the VITEK 2 Compact system, the BD Phoenix M50 instrument, or conventional biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using either the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method or the VITEK 2 Compact system and BD Phoenix M50 systems available at the time of testing. The Cochran Armitage trend test was employed to test the significance of antimicrobial resistance trends over time. -values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Of the 5382 bacteriology reports examined, 458 (9%) were on and 266 (5%) were on . Both (88%) and (65%) demonstrated high resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. However, both (14%) and (5%) showed lower rates of resistance to carbapenems compared to other antimicrobials. In , resistance to carbapenems (from 0% to 38%; < 0.001) and ciprofloxacin (from 41% to 90%; < 0.001) increased significantly between 2017 and 2021. Both organisms showed very high resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Additionally, demonstrated a statistically significant rise in ciprofloxacin and carbapenem resistance. This study emphasises the significance of regular reporting of local antimicrobial resistance patterns as this information can guide appropriate empiric therapy and efforts to address antimicrobial resistance issues.