The role of CD4 + T cells in visceral leishmaniasis; new and emerging roles for NKG7 and TGFβ

Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially devastating neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasites and ( ). These parasites reside in tissue macrophages and survive by deploying a number of mechanisms aimed at subverting the host immune response. CD4 T cells play an important role in c...

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Veröffentlicht in:Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2024-05, Vol.14, p.1414493
Hauptverfasser: Na, Jinrui, Engwerda, Christian
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Sprache:eng
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Zusammenfassung:Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially devastating neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasites and ( ). These parasites reside in tissue macrophages and survive by deploying a number of mechanisms aimed at subverting the host immune response. CD4 T cells play an important role in controlling parasites by providing help in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate microbiocidal pathways in infected macrophages. However, because these cytokines can also cause tissue damage if over-produced, regulatory immune responses develop, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory CD4 T cells responses determines the outcomes of infection. Past studies have identified important roles for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF, as well as regulatory co-inhibitory receptors and the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. More recently, other immunoregulatory molecules have been identified that play important roles in CD4 T cell responses during VL. In this review, we will discuss recent findings about two of these molecules; the NK cell granule protein Nkg7 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ, and describe how they impact CD4 T cell functions and immune responses during visceral leishmaniasis.
ISSN:2235-2988
2235-2988
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414493