Characterization and Molecular Insights of a Chromium-Reducing Bacterium Bacillus tropicus

Environmental pollution from metal toxicity is a widespread concern. Certain bacteria hold promise for bioremediation via the conversion of toxic chromium compounds into less harmful forms, promoting environmental cleanup. In this study, we report the isolation and detailed characterization of a highly chromium-tolerant bacterium, CRB14. The isolate is capable of growing on 5000 mg/L Cr (VI) in an LB (Luria Bertani) agar plate while on 900 mg/L Cr (VI) in LB broth. It shows an 86.57% reduction ability in 96 h of culture. It can also tolerate high levels of As, Cd, Co, Fe, Zn, and Pb. The isolate also shows plant growth-promoting potential as demonstrated by a significant activity of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, IAA (indole acetic acid), and siderophore production. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the isolate lacks Cr resistance genes in their plasmids and are located on its chromosome. The presence of the gene points towards Cr(VI) transport, while the absence of suggests alternative reduction pathways. The genome harbors features like genomic islands and CRISPR-Cas systems, potentially aiding adaptation and defense. Analysis suggests robust metabolic pathways, potentially involved in Cr detoxification. Notably, genes for siderophore and NRP-metallophore production were identified. Whole-genome sequencing data also provides the basis for molecular validation of various genes. Findings from this study highlight the potential application of CRB14 for bioremediation while plant growth promotion can be utilized as an added benefit.