Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ trial evaluating concurrent carbon-ion radiotherapy plus chemotherapy for salvage treatment of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background： After deinitive chemoradiotherapy for non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma（NPC）, more than 10% of patients will experience a local recurrence. Salvage treatments present signiicant challenges for locally recurrent NPC. Surgery, stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy, and brachytherapy have been used to treat locally recurrent NPC. However, only patients with small-volume tumors can beneit from these treatments. Re-irradiation with X-ray—based intensity-modulated radiotherapy（IMXT） has been more widely used for salvage treatment of locally recurrent NPC with a large tumor burden, but over-irradiation to the surrounding normal tissues has been shown to cause frequent and severe toxicities. Furthermore, locally recurrent NPC represents a clinical entity that is more radioresistant than its primary counterpart. Due to the inherent physical advantages of heavy-particle therapy, precise dose delivery to the target volume（s）, without exposing the surrounding organs at risk to extra doses, is highly feasible with carbon-ion radiotherapy（CIRT）. In addition, CIRT is a high linear energy transfer（LET） radiation and provides an increased relative biological efectiveness compared with photon and proton radiotherapy. Our prior work showed that CIRT alone to 57.5 Gy E（gray equivalent）, at 2.5 Gy E per daily fraction, was well tolerated in patients who were previously treated for NPC with a deinitive dose of IMXT. The short-term response rates at 3–6 months were also acceptable. However, no patients were treated with concurrent chemotherapy. Whether the addition of concurrent chemotherapy to CIRT can beneit locally recurrent NPC patients over CIRT alone has never been addressed. It is possible that the beneits of high-LET CIRT may make radiosensitizing chemotherapy unnecessary. We therefore implemented a phase I/II clinical trial to address these questions and present our methodology and results.Methods and design： The maximal tolerated dose（MTD） of re-treatment using raster-scanning CIRT plus concurrent cisplatin will be determined in the phase I, dose-escalating stage of this study. CIRT dose escalation from 52.5 to 65 Gy E（2.5 Gy E × 21–26 fractions） will be delivered, with the primary endpoints being acute and subacute toxicities. Eicacy in terms of overall survival（OS） and local progression-free survival of patients after concurrent chemotherapy plus CIRT at the determined MTD will then be studied in the phase II stage of the trial. We hypothesize tha