Associations between glycemic variability, sleep quality, and daily steps in subjects without diabetes using wearable devices

Since there are limited studies on the associations between glycemic variability (GV) and sleep quality or physical activity in subjects without diabetes, we evaluated the associations between GV, as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and both sleep quality and daily steps using wearable devices in healthy individuals. Forty participants without diabetes were monitored by both an intermittently scanned CGM and a smartwatch-type activity tracker for 2 weeks. The standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of glucose were evaluated as indices of GV. The activity tracker was used to calculate each participant's average step count per day. We also calculated sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency based on data from the activity tracker. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between GV and sleep indices or daily steps. For each participant, periods were divided into quartiles according to step counts throughout the day. We compared mean parameter differences between the periods of lowest quartile and highest quartile (lower 25% and upper 25%). SD glucose was significantly positively correlated with sleep latency (R = 0.23, P 0.05). SD glucose and CV glucose levels in the upper 25% period of daily steps were lower than those in the lower 25% period in each participant (both, P