Bacillus velezensis HN-2: a potent antiviral agent against pepper veinal mottle virus

Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) belongs to the genus within the family Potyviridae and is a major threat to pepper production, causing reduction in yield and fruit quality; however, efficient pesticides and chemical treatments for plant protection against viral infections are lacking. Hence, there is a critical need to discover highly active and environment-friendly antiviral agents derived from natural sources. spp. are widely utilized as biocontrol agents to manage fungal, bacterial, and viral plant diseases. Particularly, HN-2 exhibits a strong antibiotic activity against plant pathogens and can also induce plant resistance. The experimental subjects employed in this study were HN-2, benzothiadiazole, and dufulin, aiming to evaluate their impact on antioxidant activity, levels of reactive oxygen species, activity of defense enzymes, and expression of defense-related genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, the colonization ability of HN-2 in Capsicum chinense was investigated. The results of bioassays revealed the robust colonization capability of HN-2, particularly in intercellular spaces, leading to delayed infection and enhanced protection against PVMV through multiple plant defense mechanisms, thereby promoting plant growth. Furthermore, HN-2 increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby mitigating the PVMV-induced ROS production in . Moreover, the application of HN-2 at 5 dpi significantly increased the expression of JA-responsive genes, whereas the expression of salicylic acid-responsive genes remained unchanged, implying the activation of the JA signaling pathway as a crucial mechanism underlying HN-2-induced anti-PVMV activity. Immunoblot analysis revealed that HN-2 treatment delayed PVMV infection at 15 dpi, further highlighting its role in inducing plant resistance and promoting growth and development. These findings underscore the potential of HN-2 for field application in managing viral plant diseases effectively.