Mechanisms and Characterization of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 in Suppressing Nematodes ( Heterodera avenae ) in Wheat

is an important soil-borne pathogen that affects field crops worldwide. Chemical nematicides can be used to control the nematode, but they bring toxicity to the environment and human. has been shown to have the ability to control cysts, but detailed microscopic observations and bioassays are lacking. In this study, we used microscopic observations and bioassays to study the effect of T6 (TL6) on the eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s) of , and investigate the role of TL6 in inducing the resistance to in wheat seedling at physiological and biochemical levels. Microscopic observations recorded that TL6 parasitized on the eggs, germinated, and produced a large number of hyphae on the eggs surface at the initial stage, thereafter, the eggs were completely surrounded by dense mycelia and the contents of eggs were lysed at the late stage. Meanwhile, the conidia suspension of TL6 parasitized on the surface of J2s, produced a large number of hyphae that penetrated the cuticle and caused deformation of the nematodes. TL6 at the concentration of 1.5 × 10 conidia ml had the highest rates of parasitism on eggs and J2s, reflected by the highest hatching-inhibition of eggs and the mortality of J2s. In the greenhouse experiments, wheat seedlings treated with TL6 at 1.5 × 10 conidia ml had reduced infection, and increased plant growth significantly compared to the control. The cysts and juveniles in soil were reduced by 89.8 and 92.7%, the juveniles and females in roots were reduced by 88.3 and 91.3%, whereas the activity of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase, total flavonoids and lignin contents in wheat roots were increased significantly at different stage after inoculation with the eggs and TL6 conidia in comparison to the control. Maximum activity of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase were recorded at the 20 and 15 Days after inoculation with TL6 and thereafter it declined. The maximum contents of total flavonoids and lignin were recorded at the 35 and 40 Days after inoculation with TL6. After being stained with the rapid vital dyes of acridine orange (AO) and neutral red (NR), the frozen and infected eggs and J2s of changed color to orange and red, respectively, while the color of eggs and J2s in control group did not change. Therefore, our results suggest that TL6 is potentially an effective bio-control agent for . The possible mechanisms by which TL6 suppresses infection are due to the direct parasitic and lethal effect of TL6 on the eggs and J2s activity, and the induce