Chromosome‐Level Genome Assembly for the Chinese Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) Provides Insights Into Its Taxonomic Status and Evolution

ABSTRACT Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) is mainly distributed in the south of Yellow River in China, which has been listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, the reference genome of serow has not been reported and its taxonomic status is still unclear. Here, we first constructed a high‐quality chromosome‐level reference genome of C. milneedwardsii using PacBio long HiFi reads combined with Hi‐C technology. The assembled genome was ~2.83 Gb in size, with a contig N50 of 100.96 Mb and scaffold N50 of 112.75 Mb, which were anchored onto 24 chromosomes. Furthermore, we found that the Chinese serow was more closely related to muskox, which diverged from ~4.85 million years ago (Mya). Compared to the karyotype of goat (2n = 60), we found the Chinese serow (2n = 48) experienced six chromosome fusions, which resulted in the formation of six central centromere chromosomes. We also identified two positively selected genes (MYH6 and DCSTAMP) specific to Chinese serow, which were involved in ‘viral myocarditis’ and ‘Cardiac muscle contraction’. Interestingly, compared to other Caprinae animals, the MYH6 protein of Chinese serow occurred two mutations (E1520S and G1521S), which might be related to hypoxia tolerance. The high‐quality reference genome of C. milneedwardsii provides a valuable information for protection of serows and insights into its evolution. We constructed a high‐quality chromosome‐level reference genome of C. milneedwardsii for the first time. The Chinese serow was more closely related to muskox, and the karyotype of serow (2n = 48) occurred six chromosome fusions. Interestingly, compared to other Caprinae species, the MYH6 protein of Chinese serow occurred two mutations (E1520S and G1521S) which were conserved in Cetaceans.