Continuously and reversibly electro-tunable optical nanoantennas based on phase transition of vanadium dioxide

Optical nanoantennas have attracted significant attention over the past decades, owing to their exceptional capabilities in terms of light manipulation and versatile optical applications. Recently, active nanoantennas have been developed by introducing phase change materials, to achieve specific tunable electromagnetic responses. However, most of these attempts only function with ‘ON’/‘OFF’ states or switch in a few discrete states, significantly restricting the application in dynamic tunability. Thus far, the continuous and reversible modulation of optical nanoantennas has not been sufficiently explored. In this article, we experimentally demonstrate a continuously and reversibly electro-tunable optical nanoantenna, by integrating an asymmetric gold nanodisk dimer array with a vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) film and graphene thin film. By accurately controlling the applied electrical current, the Joule heat generated in the graphene film excites the metal-insulator phase transition of VO 2 , and the refractive index of VO 2 exhibits a relatively large variation. When VO 2 is in the insulating phase, we observe an apparent resonance dip in the reflection spectrum, which is attributed to a hybrid mode originating from the gap plasmon in the dimers and localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance excited at the edge of the nanodisks. Meanwhile, owing to the coupling between two asymmetric LSP resonances in the neighboring nanodisks, the reflected peak based on the Fano effect is realized. However, once VO 2 is in the metallic phase, the hybrid mode becomes weaker and red-shifted, and the Fano effect disappears. Thereafter, the continuous and reversible electro-modulation of the nanoantenna features, including the resonant wavelength, resonant intensity, and quality factors ( Q ), are experimentally verified in the optical communication region, by varying the applied electrical current in the hybrid structure. To further increase the modulation range of these properties, we scan the gap size and structural asymmetry parameter of the nanodisk dimer. The results show that, with a smaller gap size, the resonant intensity of the nanoantenna is stronger. When the structural asymmetry parameter increases, the resonant wavelength is redshifted. We expect that such continuously and reversibly electro-tunable nanoantennas will stimulate various applications in optical communication systems, tunable photoelectric sensors, and beyond.