Intracellular oxygen metabolism during bovine oocyte and preimplantation embryo development

We report a novel method to profile intrcellular oxygen concentration (icO 2 ) during in vitro mammalian oocyte and preimplantation embryo development using a commercially available multimodal phosphorescent nanosensor (MM2). Abattoir-derived bovine oocytes and embryos were incubated with MM2 in vitro. A series of inhibitors were applied during live-cell multiphoton imaging to record changes in icO 2 associated with mitochondrial processes. The uncoupler carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) uncouples mitochondrial oxygen consumption to its maximum, while antimycin inhibits complex III to ablate mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Increasing oxygen consumption was expected to reduce icO 2 and decreasing oxygen consumption to increase icO 2 . Use of these inhibitors quantifies how much oxygen is consumed at basal in comparison to the upper and lower limits of mitochondrial function. icO 2 measurements were compared to mitochondrial DNA copy number analysed by qPCR. Antimycin treatment increased icO 2 for all stages tested, suggesting significant mitochondrial oxygen consumption at basal. icO 2 of oocytes and preimplantation embryos were unaffected by FCCP treatment. Inner cell mass icO 2 was lower than trophectoderm, perhaps reflecting limitations of diffusion. Mitochondrial DNA copy numbers were similar between stages in the range 0.9–4 × 10 6 copies and did not correlate with icO 2 . These results validate the MM2 probe as a sensitive, non-toxic probe of intracellular oxygen concentration in mammalian oocytes and preimplantation embryos.