Novel DNA Methylation Sites Influence GPR15 Expression in Relation to Smoking

Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been implicated in the regulation of the G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15) by affecting CpG methylation. The G protein-coupled receptor 15 is involved in angiogenesis and inflammation. An effect on gene regulation has been shown for the CpG site CpG3.98251294. We aimed to analyze the effect of smoking on expression and methylation sites spanning the locus. DNA methylation of nine CpG sites was measured in leukocytes from 1291 population-based individuals using the EpiTYPER. Monocytic expression was measured by qPCR at baseline and five-years follow up. gene expression was upregulated in smokers (beta (ß) = -2.699, -value ( ) = 1.02 × 10 ) and strongly correlated with smoking exposure (ß = -0.063, = 2.95 × 10 ). Smoking cessation within five years reduced expression about 19% ( = 9.65 × 10 ) with decreasing expression over time (ß = 0.031, = 3.81 × 10 ). Additionally, three novel CpG sites within affected by smoking were identified. For CpG3.98251047, DNA methylation increased steadily after smoking cessation (ß = 0.123, = 1.67 × 10 ) and strongly correlated with changes in expression (ß = 0.036, = 4.86 × 10 ). Three novel CpG sites were identified in relation to smoking and expression. Our results provide novel insights in the regulation of GPR15, which possibly linked smoking to inflammation and disease progression.