Nanocurcumin in cancer treatment: a comprehensive systematic review

Background Curcumin, a compound in turmeric, shows potential in cancer treatment but is hindered by low bioavailability and solubility. Nanocurcumin, enhanced through nanotechnology, addresses these limitations, offering potential in oncological applications. This review systematically examines the efficacy, bioavailability, and safety of nanocurcumin in cancer treatment, collating data from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Methods A comprehensive systematic search was conducted across four major databases: PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase (up to February 2024). The selection criteria were based on the PICOT structure, and studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane bias risk tool for clinical studies and related checklists for in vitro and in vivo studies. Statistical analyses were performed in STATA software version 17. Results In total, 8403 articles were identified and assessed, and then only 61 articles were found eligible to be included. Nanocurcumin formulations, especially with Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), displayed superior solubility and therapeutic efficacy. In vitro studies highlighted its enhanced cellular uptake and anti-proliferative effects, particularly against cervical cancer cells. In vivo studies confirmed its chemopreventive efficacy and potential synergy with other cancer therapies. Though in early stages, clinical trials showed promise in reducing side effects and improving efficacy in cancer treatments. Conclusion Nanocurcumin shows promise as an innovative approach in cancer therapy, potentially offering improved efficacy and reduced side effects compared to traditional treatments. Early clinical trials indicate its potential to enhance the quality of life for cancer patients by mitigating treatment-related toxicities and improving therapeutic outcomes. However, larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to definitively establish its clinical efficacy, optimal dosing regimens, and long-term safety profile across various cancer types. As research progresses, nanocurcumin could become a valuable addition to the oncologist's toolkit, particularly in combination therapies or for patients intolerant to conventional treatments. Future clinical studies should focus on optimizing treatment protocols, identifying responsive patient populations, and assessing long-term outcomes to facilitate the translation of these promising findings into standard clinical practice.