Convergence of Nanotechnology and Bacteriotherapy for Biomedical Applications

Bacteria have distinctive properties that make them ideal for biomedical applications. They can self‐propel, sense their surroundings, and be externally detected. Using bacteria as medical therapeutic agents or delivery platforms opens new possibilities for advanced diagnosis and therapies. Nano‐drug delivery platforms have numerous advantages over traditional ones, such as high loading capacity, controlled drug release, and adaptable functionalities. Combining bacteria and nanotechnologies to create therapeutic agents or delivery platforms has gained increasing attention in recent years and shows promise for improved diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this review, design principles of integrating nanoparticles with bacteria, bacteria‐derived nano‐sized vesicles, and their applications and future in advanced diagnosis and therapeutics are summarized. Nanoparticles and bacteria integration holds promise for diverse biomedical applications. This review summarizes strategies and design principles to construct effective delivery/therapeutic platforms combining nanoparticles and bacteria, with a focus on emerging disease diagnosis and treatment applications. Furthermore, the microbiota modulation effect of nanoparticles, the challenges, and perspectives are discussed with a highlight on the future development of novel delivery/therapeutic systems.