Corticomuscular coherence existed at the single motor unit level

•The direct, monosynaptic cortico-motoneuronal connections suggest the possibility of individual motor units (MUs) receiving independent commands from the motor cortex. However, previous corticomuscular coherence (CMC) studies have not directly explored the corticomuscular coupling at the single motoneuron level.•Corticomuscular coherence was calculated between the EEG signals and the firing event trains of MUs, termed the cortico-motoneuronal coherence (CMnC).•The results showed some but not all MUs indeed had significant coherent activities with the contralateral motor cortex which we named the coherent MUs (CohMUs).•CMnC occurred across the four common EEG frequency bands (θ, α, β and γ bands).•This study proves that corticomuscular coherence exists at a single motor unit level, which provides a new perspective for the research on corticomuscular coupling. The monosynaptic cortico-motoneuronal connections suggest the possibility of individual motor units (MUs) receiving independent commands from motor cortex. However, previous studies that used corticomuscular coherence (CMC) between electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and electromyogram (EMG) signals have not directly explored the corticospinal functionality at the single motoneuron level. The objective of this study is to find out whether synchronous activities exist between the motor cortex and individual MUs. Corticomuscular coherence was calculated between the EEG signals and the MU firing event trains which were extracted using the EMG decomposition technique. The results showed that some but not all MUs indeed had significant coherent activities with the contralateral motor cortex, which we named the cortico-motoneuronal coherence (CMnC). In contrast to the CMC only occurring in β and γ bands, CMnC occurred across the four common EEG frequency bands (θ, α, β and γ). Further, we identified individual MUs that showed significant interactions with the motor cortex. These coherent MUs (CohMU) could still be found even when the EMG signals were not coupled with the cortical activities. Compared with conventional CMC, our preliminary results indicated that the CMnC could potentially help to investigate the complex coupling between cortical and muscular activities due to its ability to separate different correlated components. This study proves that corticomuscular coherence exists at a single MU level, which provides a new perspective for the research on corticomuscular coupling. Further study on the CM