Urban Energy System Expansion Planning Considering Short-Term Operational Flexibility

Urban cities are the main force of energy consumption and carbon emission. In the context of “dual carbon”, promoting low-carbon transformation of urban energy systems has become the top priority of urban planning. However, while the share of renewable energy output increases, the requirement for system flexibility also increases. To this end, an urban energy system expansion planning model that accounts for both long-term and short-term uncertainties is proposed. Multiple forms of energy, including electricity, gas, and heat are encompassed in this model. At the planning level, uncertainty and operational flexibility during the real-time operation stage are estimated, and a stochastic optimization approach is employed for solving. The capacity expansion of renewable energy generators and energy hubs (EHs) is considered by the model, with the imposition of carbon emission quota constraints to ensure the attainment of carbon emission reduction targets. The results show that the model can effectively improve th