Predictive Factors for Post-Operative Bleeding in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Introduction: Post-operative bleeding is a serious complication necessitating prompt attention inPercutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL). A number of factors dictate the severity of post-PCNL bleeding.Identification of these risk factors helps prevent bleeding complications. Methods: In this observationalcross-sectional study, a total of 126 patients with renal stones >10mm or stag-horn stones underwent PCNL.All the relevant pre- and intra-operative factors were noted and analyzed. Hemoglobin differences betweenpre- and post-operative levels were considered for the evaluation of blood loss. Univariate and multivariablelogistic regression analysis was done. The strength of association was examined using Odds Ratio and95% confidence intervals derived from the logistic regression. A p value