Genetic structure of introduced 'Plasmodium vivax' malaria isolates in Greece, 2015-2019

Greece has been malaria-free since 1974, after an intense malaria control program. However, as Greece hosts migrant populations from 'P. vivax' malaria-endemic countries, there is a risk of introducing the disease to specific vulnerable and receptive areas of the country. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of 'P. vivax' populations is essential for understanding the dynamics of malaria disease transmission in a given region. We used nine highly polymorphic markers to genotype 124 'P. vivax'- infected archived DNA samples from human blood specimens referred to the NMRL from all over Greece throughout 2015-2019. The genotypic variability of the samples studied was noted, as they comprised several unique haplotypes, indicative of the importation of a large number of different 'P. vivax' strains in the country. However, only a few events of local transmission were recorded. Genotyping revealed and confirmed the same clusters as those identified through epidemiological investigation. In only one introduction event was the index case found. No sustained/ongoing malaria transmissions in/between the studied regions or during consecutive years or additional foci of local transmission were observed. Genotyping is an important component in assisting malaria surveillance, as it provides information concerning the patterns of introduction and the effectiveness of implemented malaria control and elimination measures.