Factors associated with time to death among HIV/TB co-infected patients on ART in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: A retrospective study

Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death, especially for people living with HIV. However, little is known about the time to death of HIV/TB co-infected patients and associated factors in the study area. This study focused on identifying factors associated with time to death among HIV/TB co-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. From January 2008 to January 2023, a hospital-based retrospective study was conducted on 434 HIV/TB co-infected patients attending the ART clinic at Dilchora Referral Hospital in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. The medical records were reviewed using a structured data extraction tool. Data were entered with Epi Info version 7 and analyzed with Stata version 17. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used along with log-rank tests to estimate and compare survival times. Bi-variable and multivariable Cox regression were performed to identify factors associated with time to mortality in HIV/TB co-infected patients. The adjusted hazard ratio with its 95 % confidence interval was used to estimate the strength of the association and a P-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study included 434 HIV/TB co-infected patients. The overall median survival time was 144 months (95 % CI: [132, 156]). One hundred thirty-four (30.88 %) deaths were observed during follow-up, resulting in an all-cause mortality rate of 5.1 (95 % CI: [4.29, 6.02]) per 1000 person-months of study follow-up. The independent determinants of mortality were underweight BMI (AHR: 4.52; 95 % CI: [1.30, 15.67]), poor ART adherence (AHR: 1.60; 95 % CI: [1.03, 2.50]), advanced WHO clinical stage (AHR: 1.69; 95 % CI: [1.1, 2.62]), bedridden functional status (AHR: 1.63; 95 % CI: [1.04, 2.57]), initial ART regimen (AHR: 2.68; 95 % CI: [1.74, 4.12]), and smoking status (AHR: 1.48; 95 % CI: [1.01, 2.16]). The mortality rate of HIV/TB co-infected patients in this study was very high. While implementing target improvements in the National Tuberculosis and HIV Program, healthcare providers and policymakers should give higher priority to these risk factors identified in the present study.