An Operation Plan Optimization Model for Integrated Customized and Conventional Bus Services Based on Cost Analysis

A proper public transportation system should be economically efficient to improve its sustainability and competitiveness. The superfluous provision of conventional bus services in areas with a weak or scattered travel demand distribution might result in a waste of transport capacity. This study proposes an operation plan optimization model based on the characteristics and cost composition of conventional and customized bus services, which systematically analyzes the feasibility of fully or partially replacing conventional bus services with customized bus services. A mixed-integer planning model and a hybrid genetic algorithm are used to optimize the operation plan for specific travel demands and supply capacities. Then, a sensitivity analysis of key factors is carried out to identify the optimal operation mode under different circumstances. The results show that with an optimized fleet size, service frequency, and service area, integrated operation modes can reduce operating costs without sacrificing the passenger time.