Assessment of cognitive dysfunction, depression, and anxiety in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in relation to serum interleukin-6

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a well-recognized multicomponent disease, but its influences on cognitive function and other associated psychological disorders were poorly identified. Systemic inflammation is considered as a key link between these diseases. Aim To assess the cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression among stable COPD patients using different neuropsychological tests, in relation with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6). Patients and methods A study was conducted upon 100 stable COPD patients and 25 controls. All the participants were subjected to neurological and psychiatric assessment, such as The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II scale, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale. Serum IL-6 was measured for all participants. Results COPD patients had more frequent anxiety disorders, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and higher serum IL-6 than control group. Visual-spatial/executive and delayed recall domains of cognitive dysfunction were significantly affected in COPD than controls (P