Optimization-based energy management system for grid-connected photovoltaic/battery microgrids under uncertainty

In rural or underdeveloped areas, microgrid failures are common occurrences, which underscores the importance of implementing an effective energy management plan. A microgrid's battery energy storage system is a critical component of such a plan. The system can regulate voltages, mitigate imbalances, and increase system reliability, making it vital to maximize the benefits of energy storage. This study proposes a method for managing energy storage and controlling battery charge and discharge operations based on load requirements in a microgrid connected to a solar system. The problem of energy management over a 24-h period is addressed, and the model is simulated using MATLAB R2022a software, employing state flow analysis and linear programming methods to minimize the total variable electricity price before and after islanding. The heuristic method results in higher operating expenses by 4.567% in clear weather and 8.5232% in cloudy weather compared to the linear programming approach when the load is satisfied for 24 hours.