A chip-less and battery-less subharmonic tag for wireless sensing with parametrically enhanced sensitivity and dynamic range

Massive deployments of wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) that continuously detect physical, biological or chemical parameters are needed to truly benefit from the unprecedented possibilities opened by the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Just recently, new sensors with higher sensitivities have been demonstrated by leveraging advanced on-chip designs and microfabrication processes. Yet, WSNs using such sensors require energy to transmit the sensed information. Consequently, they either contain batteries that need to be periodically replaced or energy harvesting circuits whose low efficiencies prevent a frequent and continuous sensing and impact the maximum range of communication. Here, we report a new chip-less and battery-less tag-based WSN that fundamentally breaks any previous paradigm. This WSN, formed by off-the-shelf lumped components on a printed substrate, can sense and transmit information without any need of supplied or harvested DC power, while enabling full-duplex transceiver designs for interrogating nodes rendering them immune to their own self-interference. Also, even though the reported WSN does not require any advanced and expensive manufacturing, its unique parametric dynamical behavior enables extraordinary sensitivities and dynamic ranges that can even surpass those achieved by on-chip sensors. The operation and performance of the first implementation of this new WSN are reported. This device operates in the Ultra-High-Frequency range and is capable to passively and continuously detect temperature changes remotely from an interrogating node.