Genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1: Useful determinants for clinical outcome of bladder cancer in Pakistani population

Incidence of bladder cancer has increased rapidly worldwide in the past few years. Environmental as well as genetic factors are involved in the etiology of bladder cancer. Glutathione S transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) genes are two xenobiotic metabolizing genes in phase II of detoxification process. The current study was aimed to find out the association of different environmental factors and GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to bladder cancer in Pakistani population. Bladder cancer cases (236) and control blood samples (270) were screened using phenol chloroform method of DNA extraction followed by multiplex PCR. With respect to age; bladder cancer was more prevalent in age >60years and low grade tumors were more frequent than high grade tumors. Smokers had a significantly higher incidence rate of cancer; also family history of cancer was found to be strongly associated (P