A novel active cell balancing topology for serially connected Li-ion cells in the battery pack for electric vehicle applications

In a Battery Management System (BMS), cell balancing plays an essential role in mitigating inconsistencies of state of charge (SoCs) in lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells in a battery stack. If the cells are not properly balanced, the weakest Li-ion cell will always be the one limiting the usable capacity of battery pack. Different cell balancing strategies have been proposed to balance the non-uniform SoC of cells in serially connected string. However, balancing efficiency and slow SoC convergence remain key issues in cell balancing methods. Aiming to alleviate these challenges, in this paper, a hybrid duty cycle balancing (H-DCB) technique is proposed, which combines the duty cycle balancing (DCB) and cell-to-pack (CTP) balancing methods. The integration of an H-bridge circuit is introduced to bypass the selected cells and enhance the controlling as well as monitoring of individual cell. Subsequently, a DC–DC converter is utilized to perform CTP balancing in the H-DCB topology, efficiently transferring energy from the selected cell to/from the battery pack, resulting in a reduction in balancing time. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the battery pack of 96 series-connected cells evenly distributed in ten modules is designed in MATLAB/Simulink software for both charging and discharging operation, and the results show that the proposed H-DCB method has a faster equalization speed 6.0 h as compared to the conventional DCB method 9.2 h during charging phase. Additionally, a pack of four Li-ion cells connected in series is used in the experiment setup for the validation of the proposed H-DCB method during discharging operation. The results of the hardware experiment indicate that the SoC convergence is achieved at ~ 400 s.